February 2011
2 posts
3 tags
“Χάρη στην έμφυτα ανταγωνιστική φύση της, η αστική κοινωνία όχι μόνο στρέφει τους...”
– Murray Bookchin – Η οικολογία και η επαναστατική σκέψη
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January 2011
14 posts
3 tags
presentation (Vorstellung)
PRESENTATION (Vorstellung). Husserl identifies numerous senses of the
term “presentation,” a fact that indicates the danger in the use of the word
and that motivates Husserl’s language of “objectifying act.”
The senses important for logic and the theory of knowledge are: 1. A
presentation is the act-matter by virtue of which an object is presented in
a determinate manner, as such and such; 2. A...
3 tags
presentation (Gegenwärtigung)
PRESENTATION (Gegenwärtigung). Husserl uses the term Gegenwärtigung
to designate the subset of presentations (Vorstellungen) that
present an object originally, that is, intuitively. Such a presentation
intuitively presents (gegenwärtigt) an object by virtue of the fact that it
comprises filled intentional moments originally and directly presenting
(gegenwärtigend) a side or aspect of an object....
3 tags
objectifying act
OBJECTIFYING ACT. Objectifying acts—the class of acts denoted by
what Husserl takes to be the most precise sense of the term “presentation”—
are those acts in which something becomes objective to us in a
determinate manner. Objectifying acts may be either pre-predicative or
predicative, that is, objectifying acts include both nominal and perceptual
acts as well as judgmental and propositional...
3 tags
noesis
NOESIS. Husserl introduced the technical term noesis to refer to what he had
formerly identified as the apprehension of an object in experience, an
apprehension that bears the mark of intentionality. Noesis refers, then, to
the real (reell) content of the experience, namely, the meaning-intention
which is directed toward an object in a determinate manner and with
certain positional or thetic...
4 tags
noematic sense
NOEMATIC SENSE. Husserl distinguishes within the noema two
moments: the thetic characteristic and the noematic sense. Husserl’s
characterization of the noema as “the perceived [object] as perceived,”
“the remembered [object] as remembered,” “the judged [state of affairs]
as judged,” or, more generally “the intended [object] just as intended”
foreshadows this distinction. The object’s manners of...
3 tags
noema
NOEMA. Husserl introduced the technical term noema in Ideas I (1913) to
denote the intentional object of conscious experience. In that work he
describes the intentionality of experience as a noesis-noema correlation.
Whereas noesis refers to a real (reell) content of experience, viz., the
meaning-intention which is directed toward an object in a determinate
manner and with a certain positional or...
3 tags
to judge
JUDGE (urteilen). The infinitive “to judge” (urteilen) means to articulate an
object by identifying its moments or properties and predicating them of
the object (for example, S is p) or to articulate an object by identifying its
pieces as belonging to the whole (for example, S has a) or to articulate an
object by identifying the relations into which an object enters with other
objects (for...
3 tags
intentional object
INTENTIONAL OBJECT. The intentional object is the intended object
just as it is intended. The intentional object is the object intended in a
particular manner, that is, as having a particular significance or sense for
the subject, and intended in a particular kind of act, that is, an act having
a particular act-quality. The intentional object is distinguished from the
intended object simpliciter,...
3 tags
intentional content
INTENTIONAL CONTENT. In the Logical Investigations, Husserl
distinguishes three senses of “intentional content”: 1. the intentional object
of the act; 2. the (intentional) matter of the act; and 3. the intentional
essence of the act.
Intentional content as intentional object can be considered from two
different perspectives, that of the object which is intended and that of the
object as it is...
4 tags
hyletic data
HYLETIC DATA. Hyletic data include, first, the sensuous contents that
present the objective, sensible determinations of an object. This is the
fundamental meaning for Husserl of the expressions “sensuous contents”
and “hyletic data.” However, hyletic data also include, second, feelings
such as sensuous pleasures and pains that are involved in the awareness
of the value of objects. And they...
3 tags
empty intention
EMPTY INTENTION. An empty intention is one that re-presents or
makes present an object that is absent to consciousness. Empty intentions
are contrasted with full intentions. Full intentions either present an object
intuitively by containing sensuous contents that directly present a side or
aspect of the object, or they present an object that, while not intuitively
present, is presented with the...
3 tags
appresentation
APPRESENTATION.
Appresentation is the “presentation” that accompanies
a presentation. Within the momentary phase of an experience, only
the moment of primal impressional directly presents its object or, more
precisely, a particular aspect of the object. However, one is also aware in
the same experience of other aspects of the directly presented object and
of other, related objects as the...
3 tags
apperception
APPERCEPTION (Apperzeption).
Apperception is the “perception” that
accompanies direct perception (Perzeption). There are two aspects to
apperception. The first is the act’s interpretive apprehension of the
presenting or representing contents really inhering in the act. The second
refers to the fact—at least within Husserl’s developed theory of inner
time-consciousness after about 1907–1909—that...
1 tag
December 2010
1 post
1 tag
November 2010
1 post
4 tags
Thus the fork of the Enlightenment has two tines —...
Thus the fork of the Enlightenment has two tines — rationalisation and demystification: on the one hand there is the inexorable progression toward the consummate autonomy of the explanatory potency of reason (which finds its ultimate form in scientific positivism and global technological industrialisation), and, on the other, the cessation of dependence on supernatural, mythical, religious or...
October 2010
19 posts
3 tags
The task of logic is...
The task of logic is to set up laws according to which a judgement is justified by others, irrespective of whether these are themselves true.
Gottlob Frege - 17 Key sentences on Logic
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“Melancholic depression is a severe mood disorder that is psychotic in nature. In...”
– F.E.Palacio (via circulationwithinmyskull)
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“The fear is that this bad ecology will become a new opiate of the people. And...”
– S.Zizek-New Scientist (via circulationwithinmyskull)
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“The ontological necessity of “madness” lies in the fact that it is not possible...”
– S.Zizek - The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. (via circulationwithinmyskull)
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“Capitalism is the most ‘collective’ society that has ever existed on earth, in...”
– Frederic Jameson (via karissamorton)
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“Another concept closely linked to melancholy is that of depression: in its most...”
– S.Zizek - The Plague of Fantasies. (via circulationwithinmyskull)
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Karl Marx - Κεφάλαιο →
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Sylvia Plath - Ariel
Stasis in darkness.
Then the substanceless blue
Pour of tor and distances.
God’s lioness,
How one we grow,
Pivot of heels and knees! — The furrow
Splits and passes, sister to
The brown arc
Of the neck I cannot catch,
Nigger-eye
Berries cast dark
Hooks ——
Black sweet blood mouthfuls,
Shadows.
Something else
Hauls me through air ——
Thighs,...
2 tags
Sylvia Plath - Άριελ
Άριελ
Ακινησία στο σκοτάδι
κι ύστερα το άυλο μπλε
Ξεχείλισμα των κορυφών και του βάθους.
Λέαινα Θεού!
γινόμαστε ένα
Άξονας από φτέρνες και γόνατα!- Τι αυλάκι
Σκίζεται και τρέχει, αδελφή
της καφετιάς αψίδας
Του λαιμού που εγώ δε φτάνω,
Νέγρικα μάτια
βατόμουρα ρίχνουν σκοτεινιά
Αγκίστρια –
Μαύρου αίματος γουλιές γλυκές
Σκιές
Κάτι άλλο
Μες στον αγέρα με τραβά –
Μηροί, μαλλιά;...
7 tags
Socrates returns to the question of courage
Socrates, having gained Protagoras’s assent to this theory of virtue, returns to the question of courage. Confronting something that one believes to be dreadful is to commit an error, for it is to choose something that will probably cause pain. Courage, argues Socrates, involves a correct evaluation of the danger that is faced. Those who are bold but not courageous have confused things that...
8 tags
Pleasure, argues Socrates, is identical with the...
Pleasure, argues Socrates, is identical with the good; anything that is painful is evil. This entails that it is impossible to live pleasurably while committing evil actions. Socrates acknowledges that this is counter-intuitive; most people believe that it is only too easy to be swayed by pleasure into behaving badly. But Socrates argues that many people are unable properly to measure what will...
9 tags
Protagoras (Lines 320c–328d)
Protagoras responds to Socrates’s challenge (how can virtue be taught) by telling a story about the creation of the animals by the gods. The gods entrust Prometheus and Epimetheus to distribute to these animals their appropriate capabilities. Epimetheus goes first, and doles out various attributes to defend each species from the predations of the others. Next, he provides the animals with...
4 tags
Protagoras (Lines 316a–320c)
This section performs two important tasks that inform each other in complex ways. First, it explicitly lays out the grounds of inquiry for the text as a whole: what is virtue, can it be acquired, and if so, how is it best taught? Second, it frames the form this inquiry will take, and does so in a way that calls attention to questions of form. Protagoras’s opening expository spiel stands in...
5 tags
For Plato, the best method of discovering truth is...
For Plato, the best method of discovering truth is the dialectic (in Greek, elenchus), the kind of question and answer format favored by Socrates. Not incidentally, the dialectic is in fact a theme of the Protagoras, and Socrates makes a number of arguments to demonstrate that it is indeed the best way to do philosophy. Socrates states that the dialectic tests both the opinions under review and...
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Knowledge (or virtue) is...
Knowledge (or virtue) is then the ability to perceive what will bring most pleasure.
September 2010
37 posts
2 tags
“Although it would be hard to legislate about such matters, it would perhaps be...”
– Philip J. Neujahr, Kant’s Idealism, Ch. 1
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John Searle offers an attack on some versions of...
In The Construction of Social Reality, John Searle offers an attack on some versions of idealism. Searle conveniently summarises two important arguments for (subjective) idealism. The first is based on our perception of reality:
All we have access to in perception are the contents of our own experiences
The only epistemic basis we can have for claims about the external world are our perceptual...
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“The assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer...”
– Immanuel Kant, Notes and Fragments, ed. Paul Guyer, trans. by Curtis Bowman, Paul Guyer, and Frederick Rauscher, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 318, ISBN 0-521-55248-6
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“We are perfectly justified in maintaining that only what is within ourselves can...”
– Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, A367 f.
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“We perceive, on reflection, that to be real, or even barely to exist, must be to...”
– F.H. Bradley, ‘Appearance and Reality’, Chapter 14
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“[T]rue philosophy must at all costs be idealistic; indeed, it must be so merely...”
– Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II, Ch. 1
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“The dictum of all genuine idealists, from the Eleatic school to Bishop Berkeley,...”
– Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena, 374
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“Time is a thought or a measure, not a substance.”
– Antiphon, On Truth
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“Whence things have their origin, there their destruction happens as it is...”
– Anaximander
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Plato's method of hypothesis
Mention should also be made of Plato’s method of hypothesis. The method is actually quite simple and sensible. The idea, if one is having a dispute with someone, is to find a hypothesis that you both agree upon, and see what follows from it. For instance, Socrates and Simmias disagree about whether or not the soul is an attunement, but they agree about the Theory of Forms. The Theory of...
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Plato explains the causal relationship between...
Plato explains the causal relationship between Forms and objects in the world by saying that things participate in the Forms. It is not entirely clear what he means by this, but there are three likely possibilities of what Forms are according to this claim. (1) Forms as paradigms: Forms are the perfect instance of whatever they represent. For instance, the Form of Justice is the paradigm of...
6 tags
According to Socrates, causation cannot possibly...
According to Socrates, causation cannot possibly be explained in terms of material explanation. A material cause (for instance, that Socrates is in his cell results from the way his body is situated) only provides those conditions without which the real cause could not operate. The real cause, then, is given by a teleological explanation. A teleological explanation will tell us why things are the...
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Simmias suggests an analogy between the...
Simmias suggests an analogy between the relationship between the soul and the body on the one hand, and the relationship between the attunement of the strings of a musical instrument and the instrument itself on the other hand. Like the soul, the attunement of a musical instrument is invisible, incorporeal and divine, and like the body, the instrument itself is corporeal, composite, and earthly....